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Learner's Club

Questions and Using “Had Done”

Direct questions - yes/no questions
1. He likes swimming.
2. He can swim long distances.
3. He is a good swimmer.

To make sentence 1 into a question, you need to add does. The does goes before he.
Does is only used if the subject is he, she or it - in all other cases, use do.

The verb like goes after the subject, but it doesn't have an 's' on the end.
Remember: after auxiliary verbs (like do, does, have, can, etc.) the verb is in the infinitive, without 'to'.
"Does he like swimming?" Not "Does he likes swimming?" or "Do he like swimming?"

If the sentence is in the past tense (he liked swimming), we use the past form of 'do' or 'does', which is did. The verb 'like' is still in the infinitive without 'to'.
For example, "Did he like swimming?" Not "Did he liked swimming?"
To make sentence 2 into a question, you don't need to use 'does' because you already have an auxiliary verb - can. So you put the can before he.

"Can he swim long distances?" Not "Can swim he long distances?" or "Does he can swim long distances?"
To make sentence 3 into a question, use is as the auxiliary.
"Is he a good swimmer?" Not "Does he is a good swimmer?" or "Does he be a good swimmer?"

Direct questions - "wh" questions
What is your name?
Why do you want this job?
How much do you earn?
How soon can you start?
When did you see the advertisement?
Where do you live?
Which newspaper did you see the advertisement in?
Who gave you my name?

After the "wh word" (what, why, how, when, etc) comes the auxiliary (do, does, did or can), then the subject (you) , then the rest of the question.
Note: if 'who', 'which' or 'what' are the subject of the question, you don't need an auxiliary.

For example, "What happened?" Not "What did happen?" The thing that happened is what - the subject of the question.
"Who saw you?" Someone saw you - who was it?
Compare with "Who did you see?" You saw someone - who was it?)

"Which company made a profit?" A company made a profit - which company was it?
Compare with "Which company did you work for?" You worked for a company - which one was it?

Indirect questions
If you want to ask a question that is quite sensitive, try using one of the indirect phrases below:

Can you tell me…
Could you tell me…
I'd be interested to hear…
I'd like to know…
Would you mind telling me…

These questions are followed by either about, a "wh word" or if. Then you add the subject, then the sentence.
You don't need an 'auxiliary', such as 'do', 'does', 'did', or 'can'.

"Can you tell me what you like most about your present job?" Not "Can you tell me what do you like?"
"I'd be interested to hear about your experiences."
"Would you mind telling me if you have applied for a similar position before?"

Using "had done" in English
The "had done" form (or past perfect) is one of the least used tenses in English. We only really use it in the following situations.

* When it's important to say which event happened first in the past
* In reported speech
* To show regret about the past
* In conditional (if) sentences

Normally, when we say what happened in the past, we use the simple past or past continuous form.
For example, "He got up early to go to the beach. He spent all day there and went home as it was getting dark."
We know which order things happened in, so we don't need the past perfect tense.

Sometimes, we need to explain which events happened before other ones (especially if we "jump" around in our story). When we need to show that one thing happened before another, we can use the past perfect form.
For example, "I was hungry, as I hadn't eaten all day." (Being hungry happened after not eating all day.)
Compare these two sentences:

"When he got to the airport, the plane took off." (The plane took off after he arrived at the airport.)
"When he got to the airport, the plane had taken off." (The plane took off before he arrived at the airport.)

Reported speech
"I didn't see her," he said.
Because his words are in the past, when we report them we need to go one tense back and use the past perfect.
"He told me he hadn't seen her."

This is also the case if the words are in the present perfect.
"I have never been to Scotland."
She said that she had never been to Scotland.

To show regret
I wish I hadn't gone to the party. (But I went.)
If only she hadn't bought that car. (But she did.)

Conditional sentences (when we speculate about past events)
If I had worked harder, I would have passed the exam. (But I didn't work harder, so I failed.)
If you had told me, I could have helped. (But you didn't tell me, so I couldn't help.)
If they had left earlier, they might have caught the plane. (But they didn't leave earlier, so they didn't get the plane.)